云南丽江古人类股骨的形态结构

1960年,在云南省丽江市发现了三根古人类股骨,通过地层观察,仅PA108可归为更新世晚期。前人对PA108做了初步报导,为了进一步了解丽江人股骨的演化分类地位和东亚早期现代人股骨形态变异,本文对PA108的内外结构进行了详尽的分析。研究发现,PA108具有明显的早期现代人特征,即明显的股骨粗线、骨干中部后侧骨密质最厚和中部横断面轮廓形状偏椭圆。PA108标本也有一定的特殊性,体现在骨干中近端和中部骨密质厚度分布上,这可能与其股骨嵴发育较弱有关,这一特征也导致了PA108与其他东亚早期现代人之间的形态差异,这些形态变异进一步扩大了目前已知的东亚地区早期现代人变异范围。同时,在采用骨密质厚度分布模式进行分类时,建议关注股骨骨干中部骨密质最厚部位。     

Evaluation of synthetic sex pheromone for monitoring and management of raspberry crown borer Pennisetia marginata (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae)

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Effects of resource level and habitat type on behavioral and morphological plasticity in Eurasian perch

Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the environment is a common feature affecting many natural populations. For example, both the resource levels and optimal habitat choices of individuals likely change over time. One way for organisms to cope with environmental variation is to display adaptive plasticity in traits such as behavior and morphology. Since trait plasticity is hypothesized to be a prerequisite for character divergence, studies of mechanisms behind such plasticity are warranted. In this study, we looked at the interaction of two potentially important environmental variables on behavioral and morphological plasticity in Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis L.). More specifically, the plastic responses in activity and morphology of perch exposed to different resource levels and simulated habitat types were studied in an aquarium experiment. The resource level experienced had a large influence on plasticity in both activity and morphology. Behavioral adaptations have been thought to mediate morphological transitions, and we suggest that the morphological response to the resource level was mediated by differences in activity and growth rates. The habitat type also affected morphological plasticity but to a lesser extent, and there was no effect on activity from habitat type. Based on these results, we suggest that it is essential to include several environmental factors acting in concert when studying mechanisms behind trait plasticity. We also propose that variation in resource levels might play a key role in fostering trait plasticity in at least fish populations, while other environmental variables such as divergent habitat complexities and prey types might be less influential. Dynamics in resource levels and optimal habitat choices might thus be important factors influencing character divergence in natural populations.     

蛋白质空间结构属性与全基因组微生物耐热性的关系

 溶剂接触表面积、空腔个数和体积、紧密度、疏水性以及温度因子是影响蛋白质耐热的主要三维结构参数.挑选NCBI COG数据库中具有全基因组的单细胞微生物,选择其中三维结构已知的蛋白质作为研究对象,分析这些因素对细菌类和古细菌类微生物耐热性的影响.结果表明：（1）古细菌类蛋白质的空腔个数和体积与耐热性无关,极性面积和表面残基个数随耐热性增加而降低;（2）超高温细菌类蛋白质的分子量比较小,空腔个数和体积都小于常温蛋白质,而且空腔个数对稳定性的贡献大于空腔体积;（3）无论是古细菌还是细菌类蛋白质,疏水性和紧密度都不随耐热性变化,但暴露残基个数越多,蛋白质的耐热性越差;（4）两类蛋白质侧链的温度因子都高于主链,这与侧链的运动性（柔性）一般比主链高的实验结果一致;另外,超高温细菌类蛋白质的温度因子明显高于常温蛋白质.     

Integrating ecological features of species in spatial pattern analysis of a plant community

Objective: This empirical study was designed to explore the role of ecological features of species in the spatial patterning of a grassland community. Location: Banks of the river Rhône in France. Material and Methods: First, we explored the spatial pattern of 29 species recorded in the community using spatial autocorrelation analysis of species cover values. Second, we then explored the relationship between the patterns found and a set of life attributes that characterized the ecological features of species for resource foraging or dispersion. Finally, we explored the spatial relationship of groups of species that shared the same ecological features using cross‐correlation analysis. Results: We found a significant relationship between the spatial pattern and life attributes of the species highlighting three groups of species: (1) species characterized as competitors, reproducing by runner clonal organs and forming large, dense patches; (2) species characterized as competitive‐rud‐erals, dispersing exclusively by seed production and forming small periodic patches; and (3) species classified as CSR, characterized by rosette morphology and short rhizomes as clonal organs without any significant spatial autocorrelation. Spatial segregation was found between group 1 and group 2 up to 14 m; no significant cross‐correlation between groups 1 and 3 between 0 and 3.5 m, and association between groups 2 and 3 up to 14 m. Conclusions: These results helped to understand how species attributes (relative to stature or dispersion abilities); external factors (such as disturbance) and biotic processes (competition) interplay in structuring the plant community under study in space.     

用原图-对偶图法设计内部间隔最小的自然保护区

生境破碎是导致生物多样性损失的重要原因之一,在设计自然保护区时设法减少生境破碎是提高保护区有效性的重要方法.由于经济资源或地理因素制约不可能把连续的大片土地都划为保护区时,设计一个由相互分离的几部分组成的保护区是更为现实的做法.选择地块组成内部间隔最小的保护区是减少破碎化的一个重要途径,但结合空间特征的保护区地块选择模...     

Activation and migration of allo-peptide specific TCR transgenic T cells in cardiac allograft rejection

T cells from TCR transgenic mice, expressing receptors specific for an allogeneic MHC class I peptide, were used to track T cell activation and migration in normal adoptive recipients that were subsequently transplanted with heterotopic hearts that were syngeneic except for a transgenic MHC class I antigen. T cells rapidly disappeared from the blood into the lymphoid tissues where they were activated within one day after transplantation. T cells initially formed discrete clusters in the spleen and lymph nodes. After proliferating for 2-4 days in lymphoid tissues, T cells reappeared in the blood and migrated to the heart and the intestines. The T cells underwent another round of proliferation in the heart, but not the intestines, and induced cardiac rejection uniformly on 6 day.     

Predicting transmembrane beta-barrels and interstrand residue interactions from sequence

Transmembrane beta-barrel (TMB) proteins are embedded in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The cellular location and functional diversity of beta-barrel outer membrane proteins (omps) makes them an important protein class. At the present time, very few nonhomologous TMB structures have been determined by X-ray diffraction because of the experimental difficulty encountered in crystallizing transmembrane proteins. A novel method using pairwise interstrand residue statistical potentials derived from globular (nonouter membrane) proteins is introduced to predict the supersecondary structure of transmembrane beta-barrel proteins. The algorithm transFold employs a generalized hidden Markov model (i.e., multitape S-attribute grammar) to describe potential beta-barrel supersecondary structures and then computes by dynamic programming the minimum free energy beta-barrel structure. Hence, the approach can be viewed as a "wrapping" component that may capture folding processes with an initiation stage followed by progressive interaction of the sequence with the already-formed motifs. This approach differs significantly from others, which use traditional machine learning to solve this problem, because it does not require a training phase on known TMB structures and is the first to explicitly capture and predict long-range interactions. TransFold outperforms previous programs for predicting TMBs on smaller (相似文献   

Ecosystem changes associated with grazing in subhumid South American grasslands

Question: What are the changes in vegetation structure, soil attributes and mesofauna associated with grazing in mesic grasslands? Location: Southern Campos of the Río de la Plata grasslands, in south‐central Uruguay. Methods: We surveyed seven continuously grazed and ungrazed paired plots. Plant and litter cover were recorded on three 5‐m interception lines placed parallel to the fence in each plot. We extracted soil fauna from a 10 cm deep composite sample and analysed the oribatids. Soil attributes included bulk density, water content, organic carbon (in particulate and mineral associated organic matter) and nitrogen content and root biomass at different depths. Changes in floristic, Plant Functional Types and mesofauna composition were analysed by Non‐metric Multidimensional Scaling. Results: Species number was lower in ungrazed than in grazed plots. Of 105 species in grazed plots only three were exotics. Shrub and litter cover were significantly higher inside the exclosures, while the cover of Cyperaceae‐Juncaceae was lower. Grazing treatments differed significantly in plant and oribatid species composition. Grazing exclusion significantly reduced soil bulk density and increased soil water content. Carbon content in particulate organic matter was lower in the upper soil of ungrazed sites, but deeper in the profile, grazing exclosures had 8% more carbon in the mineral associated organic matter. Conclusions Our results generally agree with previous studies but deviate from the results of previous analyses in (1) the increase of shrub cover in ungrazed sites; (2) the redistribution of the soil organic carbon in the profile and (3) the low invasibility of the prairies regardless of grazing regime.     

Phenotypic analysis of adults of Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica and intermediate forms from the endemic region of Gilan, Iran

Fascioliasis is an important human and animal disease caused by Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. In Iran, the distribution of these two species overlaps in most areas, including the northern human endemic province of Gilan where both fasciolids are simultaneously found in individual cattle and buffaloes. A phenotypic study of fasciolid adult flukes from naturally infected bovines from Gilan was carried out by means of an exhaustive morphometric analysis using traditional microscopic measurements and an allometric model. The Iranian fasciolids were compared to F. hepatica and F. gigantica standard populations, i.e. from geographical areas where both species do not co-exist (Bolivia and Burkina Faso, respectively). Although morphometric values somewhat overlapped, there were clear differences in allometric growth. The allometric function was adjusted to 25 pairs of variables. Results obtained revealed that Iranian F. hepatica-like specimens are larger than the F. hepatica standard and Iranian F. gigantica-like specimens are longer and narrower than the F. gigantica standard, but with smaller body area. Measurements which permit a specific differentiation in allopatric populations (distance between ventral sucker and posterior end of the body; ratio between body length and body width) overlap in the specimens from Gilan, thus proving the presence of intermediate forms. When compared to the standard populations, the different Iranian fasciolid morphs show greater differences in F. gigantica-like specimens than in F. hepatica-like specimens. This study shows that simple, traditional microscopic measurements may be sufficient for the morphometric characterisation of fasciolids, even in areas where intermediate forms are present.